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Type d'Item : Item , Terminology for describing the 24-h cycle of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep: a scoping review(2026-08-05) Balbim, Guilherme M.; Falck, Ryan S.; Liu-Ambrose, Teresa; Kong, Chuidan; Zimmon, David; Elesin, Daniel; D’Amore, Cassandra; Davis, Jennifer C.; Liangruenrom, Nucharapon; Crowley, Madeline; Feter, Natan; Ahmadi, Matthew N.; Ortega, Francisco B.; Migueles, Jairo H.; Chaput, Jean-Philippe; Hou, Meijun; Guan, Kaiqi; Thomas, George; Alsop, Tahlia; McClymont, Damian; Morgante, Emmett; Cao, Rui; Liu, Yujie; Luo, Xun; Liu, Zijun; Graham, Connor; Scherer, Lauren C.; Nagaishi, Maya; Zhou, Linjing; Gamboa, Rebeca H.; Seo, Yeon S.; Noseworthy, Matthew; Zou, Liye; Giangregorio, Lora; Spruyt, Karen; Gomersall, Sjaan R.; Gan, Yiqun; Schinke, Robert; Inoue, Shigeru; Abe, Takumi; Chang, Yu-Kai; Lu, Amy S.; Tornberg, Åsa B.; Fu, Frank H.; Kong, Zhaowei; Erickson, Kirk I.; Cerin, Ester; Smith, Ashleigh E.; Schipperijn, Jasper; van Uffelen, Jannique; Palmeira, António; Voss, Michelle W.; Dunstan, David W.; Lubans, David; Li, Linda C.; Tomasone, Jennifer R.; Miao, Miao; Swaminathan, Keerthana; Gorhe, Varadayini; D’Sa, MaurelleAbstract Background Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep are three behaviours which occupy the 24-h cycle and interact to influence a multitude of health outcomes. Different terms are currently used to describe these behaviours collectively (e.g., movement behaviours or physical behaviours). The lack of clear and consistent terminology makes it hard to compare, interpret, and build on research findings. As a first step towards developing consensus on what terminology to use for discussing the 24-h cycle of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep, we conducted a scoping review to identify the breadth of terminology used to describe this phenomenon. Methods All searches occurred between September 18th – 20th 2024. We searched nine databases: Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC, Education Source, and Compendex from inception to September 18th 2024. The Journal of Activity, Sedentary and Sleep Behaviors and the International Network of Time-Use Epidemiologists (INTUE) publication lists were manually searched on September 19th – 20th 2024. Peer-reviewed articles were included if they 1) were published in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Chinese, Korean, or Japanese; 2) focused on humans; and 3) describe physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep in an integrated manner. We identified different terminologies used for collectively discussing physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep across the 24-h cycle. Results Our search identified 10,749 articles of which 979 articles met our inclusion criteria. Across all articles, 199 different terms were used to describe physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep collectively. The term movement behaviours was used in 673 articles, 24-h movement behaviours was used in 457 articles, physical behaviours was used in 58 articles, 24-h activity cycle was used in 36 articles, and time-use behaviours was used in 31 articles. Conclusions The two most popular terms for describing the collective interaction of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep are movement behaviours and 24-h movement behaviours. However, there is not yet an internationally recognized and agreed-upon term for holistically describing the 24-h cycle of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Developing a homogeneous and widely accepted set of terminology and definitions is thus critical if we hope to ensure clarity, enhance reproducibility, and enable the translation of future research into coherent guidelines, policies, and practices for these behaviours.Type d'Item : Item , Awake craniotomy for drug-resistant non-oncological epilepsy: a systematic review of feasibility, reported safety, and seizure outcomes(2026-08-10) Mofatteh, Mohammad; Mashayekhi, Mohammad S.; Giersztein, Sho; Iranmehr, Arad; Alimohamadi, Maysam; Giampiccolo, Davide; Duffau, Hugues; Cohen-Gadol, Aaron A.Abstract Introduction Complete resection of the epileptogenic zone offers the best chance of seizure control in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. However, surgical management remains challenging when the epileptogenic zone is located within or adjacent to eloquent brain regions. Awake craniotomy (AC), combined with intraoperative functional mapping, has the potential to maximize resection while preserving neurological function. Despite its increasing use, evidence regarding its safety and efficacy in epilepsy surgery remains limited. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the feasibility, reported safety, and reported seizure outcomes of awake craniotomy in patients undergoing surgery for drug-resistant non-oncological epilepsy. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Results Seven retrospective studies comprising 231 patients from six countries were included; 120 patients underwent AC. Four studies (57.1%) included mixed adult and pediatric populations and three (42.9%) included adults only; however, none provided age-stratified seizure or complication outcomes, precluding separate pediatric analysis. Reported seizure duration ranged from 2 to 39 years. The frontal lobe was the most frequently involved region (n = 52; 43.3%), followed by the temporal lobe (n = 27; 22.5%), and cortical dysplasia was the most common underlying pathology (n = 30; 25.0%). Language and sensorimotor functions were the most commonly mapped eloquent areas, each reported in five studies (71.4%). Seizure outcomes were predominantly assessed using the Engel classification. Complete seizure freedom (Engel class I) was reported in 69 of 120 AC patients (57.5%); a random-effects single-arm synthesis estimated an Engel I proportion of 59.3% (95% CI: 46.3–71.2%; I2 = 31.9%). Comparisons with surgery under general anesthesia (GA) were available in only two non-randomized studies and should be interpreted cautiously. No study reported conversion from AC to GA. Postoperative neurological deficits were largely transient, with a low reported incidence of permanent morbidity. Owing to substantial differences in patient selection, surgical indications, and study design, these findings should be considered exploratory and should not be interpreted as demonstrating comparable seizure outcomes or treatment effectiveness. Conclusions In carefully selected patients with drug-resistant non-tumor epilepsy involving or adjacent to eloquent cortex, AC with intraoperative functional mapping appears feasible and may help preserve neurological function while enabling tailored resection. The current evidence base remains limited by retrospective designs, heterogeneous populations and techniques, inconsistent outcome reporting, and sparse comparative data; therefore, efficacy and equivalence with surgery under general anesthesia should not be inferred.Type d'Item : Item , School Engagement in Children: Investigating the Impact of Body Image Issues(Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2026-11-09) MacGregor, Philip; Guimond, Fanny-AlexandraBody image concerns emerge during childhood and may have implications for children's academic functioning. School engagement represents an especially important developmental process associated with children's academic adjustment and longer-term educational outcomes. Despite the potential relevance of these constructs to one another, relatively little is known about how body image and school engagement influence one another during late childhood, or whether these associations differ across children. The current dissertation's overarching objective was to advance understanding of how body image issues and school engagement co-develop during late childhood. Using longitudinal data from a sample of Canadian children aged 9-12 years, Study 1 examined whether body dissatisfaction and weight perception were associated with changes in affective, behavioural, and cognitive school engagement over a 7-month period. In a sample of 1,070 children (M_age = 11.13 years; 55.0% female), integrated longitudinal path models revealed that body dissatisfaction predicted decreases in cognitive engagement, whereas weight perception did not predict changes in any dimension of school engagement. Conversely, lower behavioural and cognitive engagement predicted heavier weight perceptions, suggesting that associations between body image and school engagement may be reciprocal. Follow-up analyses indicated that these longitudinal associations differed by gender: body dissatisfaction predicted lower cognitive engagement among girls, whereas lower behavioural engagement predicted greater body dissatisfaction among boys. Building upon these findings, Study 2 sought to examine whether children could be sorted into distinct profiles of body image difficulties and whether these profiles differed in their levels of school engagement. Using latent profile analysis, 948 children (M_age = 11.04 years) were sorted into profiles based on body image (i.e., body dissatisfaction, compulsive self-monitoring, body comparisons, and weight perception) assessed at the beginning of the school year. Analyses identified three profiles characterized primarily by severity of body image difficulties: Low (65.9%), Moderate (21.4%), and High (12.7%) body image issues. The profiles differed in body dissatisfaction, compulsive self-monitoring, and body comparisons, whereas weight perception did not distinguish between profiles. Children in the Low profile demonstrated consistently greater affective, behavioural, and cognitive school engagement than children in the Moderate and/or High profiles at both time points, with minimal differences between the Moderate and High profiles, suggesting that even moderate elevations in body image difficulties may be associated with poorer school engagement. Collectively, findings from the current dissertation suggest that body image and school engagement are interconnected during late childhood. They also emphasize the value of combining variable-centered and person-centered approaches to better understand these associations. Whereas variable-centered analyses identified specific longitudinal pathways that differed by gender, person-centered analyses revealed broader patterns of body image difficulties that were associated with poorer engagement across multiple domains and included both boys and girls. In all, these findings suggest that body image represents an important yet underrecognized correlate of children's school functioning. This highlights the potential value of identifying and addressing body image difficulties early in a child's development.Type d'Item : Item , Optimization of High-Entropy Alloy Nanoparticles Synthesis via Thermal Plasma Using a Supersonic Nozzle(Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2026-11-09) Tang, Ziqi; Nganbe, Michel; Kim, Keun SuHigh-entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA NPs) have attracted significant interest in catalytic applications due to their compositional tunability and structural stability. A scalable inductively coupled plasma jet (ICPJ) process has recently been demonstrated for the continuous synthesis of HEA NPs. However, limited control over thermal history during cooling and solidification can lead to relatively large particle sizes, broad size distributions, phase separation, and compositional non-uniformity. This thesis focuses on optimizing HEA NP synthesis via thermal plasma through the integration of a supersonic converging-diverging nozzle and a systematic control of synthesis parameters. The study first establishes the generality of synthesizing multiple HEA compositions using the baseline ICPJ process and defines reference conditions for comparison. Compared to this baseline, the nozzle is demonstrated to enhance quenching and reduce residence time in the liquid zone during solidification, which kinetically limits diffusion-driven segregation, enabling improved control of particle size, microstructure, and compositional uniformity. Across the studied HEA systems, including those with poor elemental miscibility, the nozzle-assisted process produces reduced particle sizes and narrower size distributions with FCC as the principal crystalline phase under optimized conditions. However, oxide-related or residual-feedstock features occur in some samples. Modeling studies correlate the predicted changes in jet dynamics to estimated thermal histories and residence times, providing a mechanistic insight into nucleation and solidification behavior. As such, this study establishes a nozzle-enabled kinetic-control framework for scalable thermal-plasma synthesis of HEA NPs and provides a pathway toward controlled morphology, structure, and composition for potential catalytic applications, particularly for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).Type d'Item : Item , FAIR-Coach: Biomechanically Informed Evidence Representation for Movement Diagnosis with Offline Squat-Based Evaluation(Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2026-11-09) Vahdati, Monireh; El Saddik, AbdulmotalebAccurate classification is not sufficient for reliable movement diagnosis. The system must also identify and evaluate the biomechanical evidence underlying its decisions. Domain-shift experiments support this distinction: full or partial classifier collapse occurred in 77.8% of out-of-domain transfer cases. A central gap is that changes in evidence representation often come with changes in reasoning complexity. Predictive accuracy alone does not establish whether a diagnosis relies on biomechanical evidence as intended. This thesis investigates these questions using FAIR-Coach and a structured per-repetition representation called RepEvidence. The core empirical evaluation is offline and squat-based; Path A and live agentic interaction belong to the broader system architecture but are not part of the core diagnosis experiments. The evaluation compares generic, globally aggregated evidence with diagnosis-aligned biomechanical evidence and tests four relational reasoning configurations against corresponding non-relational controls. The primary comparison follows a pre-specified, frozen protocol on a held-out TEST split of five participants with paired bootstrap confidence intervals, followed by multi-seed and subject-level robustness analyses on the same TEST cohort. Diagnosis-aligned evidence outperformed generic evidence at all seven seeds under an architecture-fixed Reasoner v2 comparison (mean Δ = +0.038, SD = 0.010). A separate protocol-matched Concat+MLP rerun showed the same direction of effect (mean Δ = +0.052, SD = 0.010), and the advantage was positive for all five TEST participants. Because the diagnosis-aligned configuration also adds ten measurements, these results do not isolate alignment alone, and absolute performance remained modest (TEST micro-F1 0.3435). In contrast, none of the four relational configurations showed a statistically confirmed advantage over their corresponding non-relational comparisons on the TEST split, and one performed significantly worse. In a corrected intervention-based evaluation of the final diagnosis model, only one of three tested labels satisfied the grounding criterion, so diagnosis-level grounding was not demonstrated. At the language layer, LoRA-DPO trained on template-constructed preference pairs improved diagnosis-to-language grounding under an automatic evaluation protocol on 40 held-out examples. Unsupported claims decreased from 75% to 17.5%, evidence specificity increased from 75% to 92.5%, and consistency with the model's predicted diagnosis increased from 22.5% to 77.5%. In this offline squat-diagnosis setting, the full diagnosis-aligned evidence configuration had a greater impact on predictive performance than increasing reasoning-architecture complexity. The results therefore support diagnosis-aligned evidence representation while also identifying clear limits to claims of diagnosis-level biomechanical grounding.